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Endnotes for 'Reimagining UK-EU Trade and Cooperation'

Below are the endnote references from the report, 'Reimagining UK-EU Trade and Cooperation'. You can go download the report here.

  1. UK Government. UK-EU Summit - Joint Statement. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukeu-summit-key-documentation/uk-eu-summit-joint-statement-html#:~:text=In%20this%20context%2C%20we%20welcomed,of%20our%20relationship%2C%20to%20strengthen (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  2. Ignacio García Bercero (2024). A trade policy framework for the European Union-United Kingdom reset. Available at: https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/trade-policy-framework-european-union-united-kingdom-reset (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  3. UK in a Changing Europe (2025). The Brexit Files: From Referendum to Reset. Available at: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/reports/the-brexit-files-from-referendum-to-reset/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  4. Financial Times (2025). How five years of Brexit reshaped Britain. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/4d2d78b0-eedd-485c-9a9c-4e41baf46146 (Accessed: 31 January 2025).
  5. Du, J., Liu, X., Shepotylo, O. and Shi, Y. (2024). Unbound: UK Trade Post Brexit. Centre for Business Prosperity, Aston University. Available at: https://www.aston.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-09/Full%20Report.pdf
  6. Ward, M. and Rhodes, C. Small businesses and the UK economy.  https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06078/SN06078.pdf. (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  7. UK Government (2024). Business population estimates for the UK and regions 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/business-population-estimates-2024/business-population-estimates-for-the-uk-and-regions-2024-statistical-release (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  8. If export value from businesses of unknown size is removed, the percentage of export value attributed to SMEs rises to 30.4%. See: UK Government (2023). UK trade in goods by business characteristics 2023. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-trade-in-goods-by-business-characteristics-2023/uk-trade-in-goods-by-business-characteristics-2023#export-trade-by-business-size (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  9. If export value from businesses of unknown size is removed, the percentage of export value attributed to SMEs rises to 38.8%. See: UK Government (2015). UK trade in goods by business characteristics 2015. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a800128ed915d74e33f7e16/IDBR_OTS_2015.pdf. Page 12 (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  10. European Commission. International trade in goods by enterprise size. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_trade_in_goods_by_enterprise_size#Extra-EU_trade_in_goods_by_size_class (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  11. UK Government. Impact assessment of the FTA between the UK and Australia. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-australia-fta-impact-assessment/impact-assessment-of-the-fta-between-the-uk-and-australia-executive-summary-web-version (Accessed: 6 August 2025), and UK Government. Impact assessment of the FTA between the UK and India. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-india-free-trade-agreement-impact-assessment/impact-assessment-of-the-free-trade-agreement-between-the-uk-and-india-executive-summary-web-version (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  12. Ward, M. (2024). Foreign Direct Investment Statistics. House of Commons Library. (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  13. European Commission. International trade in goods. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=International_trade_in_goods(Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  14. Labour Party (2024). Labour Party Manifesto 2024: Our plan to change Britain. Available at: https://labour.org.uk/updates/stories/labour-manifesto-2024-sign-up/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  15. European Commission (2024). The EU Political Guidelines 2024–2029. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/priorities-2024-2029_en (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  16. European Commission (2025). Commission Work Programme 2025. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/strategy-documents/commission-work-programme/commission-work-programme-2025_en (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  17. UK-EU Summit - Joint Statement
  18. Politico.eu. (2025). EU retires ‘no cherry-picking’ Brexit line. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-retires-no-cherry-picking-brexit-line-uk-policy-starmer-von-der-leyen-trade/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  19. Hansard. (2025). UK-EU Relations. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2025-02-06/debates/B8E0F165-9F8C-4F43-8130-E00A869E5280/UK-EURelations (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  20. Politics.co.uk. (2025). EU minister vows ruthless pragmatism as Brexit reset pillars set out in major speech. Available at: https://www.politics.co.uk/news/2025/02/04/eu-minister-vows-ruthless-pragmatism-as-brexit-reset-pillars-set-out-in-major-speech/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  21. The rules were revised from the start of 2025 further simplifying and modernising rules of origin with more flexible product-specific rules and relaxed provisions on cumulation, duty drawback, tolerance, and transport conditions.
  22. Hunsaker, S. (2025). Explainer: the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean (PEM) Convention. Available at: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/explainers/explainer-the-pan-euro-mediterranean-pem-convention/#:~:text=The%20core%20idea%20of%20the,manufactured%20in%20another%20PEM%20country
  23. CITP. (2025). Should the UK join PEM. Available at: https://citp.ac.uk/publications/should-the-uk-join-pem (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  24. Barfield, R. (2021). The new costs for business post-Brexit. Available at: https://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-new-costs-for-business-post-brexit/#:~:text=New%20customs%20declarations%20are%20estimated,exporters%20is%20inspection%20and%20testing (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  25. Logistics Business. (2024). How are post-Brexit Trade Rules Affecting EU-UK Supply Chains?. Available at: https://www.logisticsbusiness.com/transport-distribution/how-are-post-brexit-trade-rules-affecting-eu-uk-supply-chains/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  26. ENS declarations have also been required for some Northern Irish goods entering Great Britain, but only in certain circumstances.
  27. Office for National Statistics. Foreign Direct Investment involving UK companies. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessinnovation/datasets/foreigndirectinvestmentinvolvingukcompaniesoutwardtables (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
  28. Independent Economics. (2025). Commentary: Digitisation of data used for trade stands to reduce expensive border delays significantly – by as much as 80% according to some estimates. Based on a more conservative 70% reduction in border delays, and on USAID figures that the tariff-equivalent of the time taken to cross borders is some 4.2%, both for the EU and the UK, this implies a contribution to GDP of the order of 1%. [Calculation: (70% * 4.2%) * (imports as a proportion of GDP) 0.33 ~1%].
  29. International Chamber of Commerce. (2021). United Kingdom Creating a Modern Digital Trade Ecosystem – Cutting the cost and Complexity of Trade. October. Available at: https://shopify.com (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  30. World Economic Forum. (2025). Artificial Intelligence for Efficiency, Sustainability and Inclusivity in Trade Tech. January. Available at: https://www.weforum.org/publications/artificial-intelligence-for-efficiency-sustainability-and-inclusivity-in-tradetech/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  31. UK Government. (2025). UK-EU Summit Explainer. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/682f29c5e9440506ee9539bd/UK_EU_SUMMIT_-_EXPLAINER.pdf (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  32. Export.org.uk. (2025). Trade bodies call for EU-UK mutual recognition conformity assessment to boost economic growth. Available at: https://www.export.org.uk/insights/trade-news/trade-bodies-call-for-eu-uk-mutual-recognition-conformity-assessment-to-boost-economic-growth (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  33. House of Commons Library. (2025). Statistics on UK trade with the EU. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7851/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025)
  34. Ibid